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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2018 | Volume
: 10
| Issue : 1 | Page : 26-28 |
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Evaluation of the efficacy of gingival crevicular blood in predicting the glycemic control
Mohammad Shereef, Namitha Xavier, Angel Fenol, Biju Balakrishnan, Lakshmi Puzhankara
Department of Periodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| Date of Web Publication | 19-Feb-2018 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr Namitha Xavier
2/188A, Madavana, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/IJDS.IJDS_111_17
Background and Aim: Diabetes has emerged as a major healthcare problem in India. Diabetes and periodontitis interact in a bidirectional manner; therefore, there is a need to screen patients for diabetes in dental clinics. Development of an intraoral blood sampling technique would make screening easier for dental practitioners. Routine oral examination of patients with periodontal inflammation with or without diabetes produce ample bleeding which can be used in glucometers for screening diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the aim is to assess if gingival crevicular blood (GCB) is as efficient as capillary finger prick technique in estimating the glycemic status. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: Fifty-eight participants with gingivitis or periodontitis with bleeding on probing from at least one site were chosen. Periodontal parameters such as Probing pocket depth and gingival index were measured using William's graduated periodontal probe. GCB and capillary finger prick blood (CFB) were collected for the estimation of blood glucose with the help of glucometer. Statistical Analysis: Performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The Pearson correlation coefficient of GCB and CFB was 0.982 with a P < 0.001. Conclusion: It can be concluded that GCB can be used for the estimation of glycemic status. Keywords: Capillary finger prick blood, diabetes, gingival crevicular blood
How to cite this article:
Shereef M, Xavier N, Fenol A, Balakrishnan B, Puzhankara L. Evaluation of the efficacy of gingival crevicular blood in predicting the glycemic control. Indian J Dent Sci 2018;10:26-8 |
How to cite this URL:
Shereef M, Xavier N, Fenol A, Balakrishnan B, Puzhankara L. Evaluation of the efficacy of gingival crevicular blood in predicting the glycemic control. Indian J Dent Sci [serial online] 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 28];10:26-8. Available from: http://www.ijds.in/text.asp?2018/10/1/26/225781 |
| Introduction | |  |
Diabetes has emerged as a major healthcare problem in India. About half of the diabetic patients are undiagnosed, as diabetes mellitus (DM) is asymptomatic in its early stages.[1],[2] It is a complex metabolic disorder.[2] DM significantly impacts the periodontium producing a number of effects including change in subgingival microbiota, gingival crevicular fluid glucose levels, periodontal vasculature, host response (neutrophil chemotaxis defects), and collagen metabolism.[2] In fact, periodontitis is considered as the sixth complication of DM.[3] Diabetes and periodontitis interact in a bidirectional manner.[4] Therefore, there is a need to screen patients for diabetes in dental clinics. Glucometers are reliable, rapid, and commonly used for blood glucose determination in diabetes screening. Development of an intraoral blood sampling technique could make such tests even more suitable for use by dental practitioners. Routine oral examination of patients with periodontal inflammation with or without diabetes produce ample bleeding,[5] which can be used in glucometers for screening DM. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to assess if gingival crevicular blood (GCB) is as efficient as capillary finger prick technique in estimating the glycemic status.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Fifty-eight participants with gingivitis or periodontitis with bleeding on probing from at least one site were chosen. Periodontal parameters such as Probing pocket depth and gingival index were measured using William's graduated periodontal probe.
Inclusion criteria
- Participants aged between 30 and 70 years
- Gingival index scores ≥2.1.
Exclusion criteria
- Participants requiring antibiotic prophylaxis
- Participants with any bleeding disorders
- Participants with cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic disorder.
GCB was estimated using a glucometer, after isolating the area with cotton roll to reduce the contamination of the sample with saliva, the site with maximum bleeding on probing was selected, and sample was collected by directly placing the glucometer with the detection strip in the bleeding site. Capillary finger prick blood (CFB) was tested with glucometer by pricking the finger with a lancet [Figure 1], [Figure 2]a, [Figure 2]b, [Figure 3], and [Figure 4]a, [Figure 4]b shows the steps in checking GCB and CFB].
Statistical analysis
Both the samples of 58 patients were analyzed using a glucometer, and the values were tabulated. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the correlation was statistically significant at a P < 0.001.
| Results | | |
A total of 58 participants were included in the study in the age group 30–70 years with a mean age being 44.29 ± 8.8, and the mean probing pocket depth was 6.47 ± 0.7 [Table 1].
The GCB glucose value ranged between 84 and 289 mg/dl with mean value being 143.47 ± 49.192 and the CFB glucose value ranged between 86 and 282 with a mean value of 135.97 ± 49.362 [Table 2]. | Table 2: Mean gingival crevicular blood and capillary finger prick blood
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The Pearson correlation coefficient of GCB and CFB was 0.92 with a P < 0.001. Scattered graph shows a linear correlation between GCB glucose value and CFB glucose value and it gives a strong correlation [Table 3] and [Graph 1].
| Discussion | | |
Diabetes being a complex metabolic disorder [3] and most of the patients coming to the dental clinics are unaware about their diabetic status. In case of periodontal inflammation, routine oral examination can produce ample bleeding (GCB) which can be used for the estimation of blood glucose using a glucometer.
The present study shows high correlation between GCB glucose and CFB glucose and is found that GCB can be used for detection of diabetes in patients with moderate bleeding on probing and are in agreement with the study conducted by Shetty et al.,[6] which reported that GCB are suitable for screening diabetes in participants with sufficient bleeding on probing and not with less or no bleeding on probing.
The present study included both diabetic and nondiabetics patients, and the results obtained in this study is similar to the study conducted by Parker et al.[7] and Beikler et al.[8] where they said a strong correlation was observed between blood glucose measured in GCB and CFB when diabetic and nondiabetic patients with moderate-to-advance periodontitis were examined.
Sarlati and Pakmer [9] reported that GCB can be used for testing blood glucose during routine periodontal examination in participants with diabetes and periodontitis, but not in those without diabetes. However, Müller and Behbehani [10] failed to obtain any correlation between GCB and CFB.
| Conclusion | | |
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that GCB can be a potential source for screening diabetes during routine periodontal examination in dental clinics in patients with unknown history of diabetes and moderate bleeding on probing.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Harris MI, Eastman RC. Early detection of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus: A US perspective. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2000;16:230-6.  |
| 2. | Gaikwad S, Jadhav V, Gurav A, Shete AR, Dearda HM. Screening for diabetes mellitus using gingival crevicular blood with the help of a self-monitoring device. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2013;43:37-40. |
| 3. | Löe H. Periodontal disease. The sixth complication of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1993;16:329-34. |
| 4. | Sicree R, Shaw J, Zimmet P. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. In: Gan D, editor. Diabetes Atlas. International Diabetes Federation. 3 rd ed. Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; 2006. p. 15-103. |
| 5. | Ervasti T, Knuuttila M, Pohjamo L, Haukipuro K. Relation between control of diabetes and gingival bleeding. J Periodontol 1985;56:154-7. |
| 6. | Shetty S, Kohad R, Yeltiwar R, Shetty K. Gingival blood glucose estimation with reagent test strips: A method to detect diabetes in a periodontal population. J Periodontol 2011;82:1548-55. |
| 7. | Parker RC, Rapley JW, Isley W, Spencer P, Killoy WJ. Gingival crevicular blood for assessment of blood glucose in diabetic patients. J Periodontol 1993;64:666-72. |
| 8. | Beikler T, Kuczek A, Petersilka G, Flemmig TF. In-dental-office screening for diabetes mellitus using gingival crevicular blood. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29:216-8. |
| 9. | Sarlati F, Pakmer E. Gingival crevicular blood for assessment of blood glucose level. J Periodontol Implant Dent 2010;2:17-24. |
| 10. | Müller HP, Behbehani E. Methods for measuring agreement: Glucose levels in gingival crevice blood. Clin Oral Investig 2005;9:65-9. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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