|
 
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2017 | Volume
: 9
| Issue : 4 | Page : 251-255 |
|
The prevalence of natural tooth colors in the people of North India
Harinder Kuckreja1, KB S. Kuckreja2, Dalbir Bhullar1, Sangeeta Nahar1, Aakriti Singh2, Aditi Jain2
1 Department of Prosthodontics, BJSDC, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
2 Consultant The Tooth Place, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| Date of Web Publication | 1-Dec-2017 |
Correspondence Address:
Harinder Kuckreja
Department of Prosthodontics, BJSDC, 19-G, Sarabha Nagar, Ludhiana, Punjab
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/IJDS.IJDS_86_17
Aims and Objectives: Tooth color is a major factor with regard to dental esthetics. Restorative dentistry has evolved from its previous dentist driven to patient driven service and patient opinion plays an important role in selecting the treatment plan. Whitening teeth and smile designing for esthetic purpose is currently fashionable. Selection of appropriate tooth shade for edentulous patients is an important part of teeth replacement. Most patients prefer having lighter shades. However ultimate objective of esthetic dentistry is to create a beautiful smile, with teeth of pleasing inherent proportions to one another and color in harmony with gingiva, lips and face of the patient. Proper shade selection has a positive impact on the patient's acceptance of the treatment. The present study was designed to measure the tooth colors in a particular age group of North Indian population. There is enough data to support the use of objective methods of measuring shade and dentists are shifting to these newer technologies but subjective methods of shade selection are still popular as the digital devices are expensive. Materials and Methods: In the present study, shade of cervical, middle and incisal third of the facial surface of natural maxillary central incisor was measured with digital colorimeter, VITA Easyshade® Advance 4.0. It is an optical reading device that can assess the wavelengths reflected back to its sensors. Lighting in operatory does not affect the shade measurement. It is extremely accurate. The limitation of study was its small sample size. Conclusion: It was concluded that the most prevalent shade in cervical third was 1M2, middle third was 1M1 and incisal third was 2M1. Keywords: Digital colorimeter, shade matching, tooth color
How to cite this article:
Kuckreja H, S. Kuckreja K B, Bhullar D, Nahar S, Singh A, Jain A. The prevalence of natural tooth colors in the people of North India. Indian J Dent Sci 2017;9:251-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Kuckreja H, S. Kuckreja K B, Bhullar D, Nahar S, Singh A, Jain A. The prevalence of natural tooth colors in the people of North India. Indian J Dent Sci [serial online] 2017 [cited 2023 Nov 28];9:251-5. Available from: http://www.ijds.in/text.asp?2017/9/4/251/219633 |
| Introduction | |  |
The ultimate objective of esthetic rehabilitation is to design a pleasant smile in harmony with adjacent gingival tissues and face.[1],[2] Balancing illusion with reality allows the clinician to design and sculpt a smile which patient perceives as natural and attractive.[3] Tooth shape, size, form, and color are the fundamental requirements for any restoration to look esthetically pleasing.[4] However, color is the most dominant requirement.[5]
Studies have reported age- and gender-related changes in tooth colors.[6],[7],[8] Teeth generally become darker with age. Women generally have lighter teeth.[9],[10],[11]
The past few years have seen an increased interest of people in cosmetic dental treatments such as smile designing and tooth whitening.[12] Knowledge of distribution of shades in a particular age group, gender, area, and within the tooth itself can be helpful in proper shade selection and instituting dental treatment for a more predictable and realistic outcome.
The oldest color system was created by Albert H. Munsell in 1905. It brought clarity to color communication by establishing an orderly system for accurately identifying every color that exists. According to this, color has three dimensions – hue (H), value or lightness (V), and chroma (C). Hue is the dominant wavelength and helps to differentiate one color from another. Chroma is the saturation of color. Value is the darkness/lightness and is determined by the amount of black and white on a given scale.[13] This was the first system to separate hue, chroma, and value into perceptually uniform and independent dimensions, systematically illustrating the colors in a three-dimensional space.
As defined in 2001 by the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE), color is: “The characteristic of visual perception that can be described through the attributes of Hue, Value, and Chroma.”[13]
There are two ways of measuring tooth color – subjective, through the use of shade guides, and objective, mainly through the use of electronic devices such as spectrophotometers, colorimeters, and imaging systems.[14],[15],[16],[17]
Measuring the color of teeth with the subjective method is affected by many factors such as human eye and brain, influencing the overall perception of tooth color, the illumination in operatory, and patient's clothing.[18]
Before 1998, the most popular shade guide was Vita Classical Shade Guide. It is based on hue and represents only 16 shades, too few to represent the color variability of natural dentitions. In 1998, Vita 3D Master was introduced.[19] The Toothguide 3D Master shade guide consists of 29 tabs and represents an application of the lightness–chroma–hue concept of shade matching. The tabs are identified with a sequence of Number-letter-number. The first number represents the lightness, the letter represents the hue, and the second number represents the chroma. There are six main groups based on value (lightness), from 0 (lightest) to 6 (darkest). Within each of the six groups, the tabs are arranged into three chroma levels (except for group 1 which has only two levels), from 1 (least chromatic) to 3 (most chromatic). The levels within the groups are represented by letters, with L (left) being yellowish, M (middle) being of middle hue, and R (Right) being reddish.
The objective methods expresses the color results in CIE L* a* b*, color system, as well as Vita Classic and 3D Master. According to the CIE L* a* b* system, all perceived colors have three dimensions, L for lightness (L* = 0 yields black and L* =100 indicates diffuse white), a for green–red (a*, negative values indicate green, while positive values indicate red), and b for the color opposites blue–yellow (b*, negative values indicate blue and positive values indicate yellow).[20]
Presently, the most popular method of shade matching in dentistry is very subjective though dentists are shifting to more objective methods. Some authors have suggested that there is a correlation between the human eye and the spectrophotometer.[21],[22],[23] Others have failed to find any such relationship.[24],[25],[26],[27] Digital imaging for color matching and communication have been received with increased interest.[28],[29]
The present study was designed to find the most prevalent shades in the North Indian population using VITA Easyshade ® Advance 4.0.[30],[31]
VITA Easyshade ® Advance 4.0 is reliable enough for daily clinical work to assess tooth color during the fabrication of esthetic appliances because it is not dependent on light conditions and light sources.[31]
| Materials and Methods | | |
The present study was based on measuring the shade of right maxillary central incisor of 117 volunteers from different areas of North India. As age affects the tooth color, only a particular age group, 18–24 years of age, was selected.
Shade was measured using a digital colorimeter, VITA Easyshade ® Advance 4.0. Healthy maxillary central incisors were included in the study. Discolored teeth, due to intrinsic or extrinsic stains, were not included. Intrinsic stains are those affecting the internal calcified tissues of the teeth, while extrinsic stains result from the deposition of a film, pigment, or calculus on the surface of enamel, exposed dentin, or cementum.
Teeth with restorations do not represent the natural tooth surfaces and were not included. Caries result in decalcification and discoloration, so carious central incisors were excluded.
To have consistency in the procedure, a single operator carried out all the measurements under the same lighting conditions and specifications. Before recording the shade, the central incisor was cleaned properly. To prevent cross-contamination, the probe of easy shade was covered with a disposable shield and calibration of the probe was done along with the shield. The probe tip was placed in contact with and at rig ht angles to the facial surface first at cervical, then middle, and the incisal regions [Figure 1]. The digital shade guide was set at a mode for taking reading at three points [Figure 2]. Shade was measured at cervical middle and incisal regions on the facial surface [Figure 3]. | Figure 1: VITA Easyshade® Advance 4.0 covered with protective shield and held perpendicular to tooth
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2: Screen of VITA Easyshade® Advance 4.0 showing the color measurement in Vita classical as well in 3D Master shades
Click here to view |
 | Figure 3: Measurement at three different places on the labial surface of central incisor
Click here to view |
| Results | | |
According to the analysis of data, the most prevalent shade in cervical region was 1M2. It accounted for 31.62%. This was followed by 1M1 which was 15.8%.
Dominant hue was M with lighter value. Only 3% of specimens were found to be of higher value.
However, teeth with higher values were of different hues and accounted for 0.85% of each L, M, and R where, L is more yellow and R is more red than M within a particular group [Table 1] and [Graph 1].
In the middle third, the most prevalent shade was 1M1 (33.33%). This was followed by 2M1 (19.6%). Two teeth (1.71%) had the lightest value, but chromatic saturation was 3 [Table 2] and [Graph 2].
In the incisal third, the dominant hue was M. However, the value increased to 2. Maximum number of teeth (42) had shade in the range of 2M1. This was followed by 1M1. None of the teeth had a value darker than 2. Just one tooth was lighter with 0M3 shade [Table 3] and [Graph 3].
| Discussion | | |
Natural dentitions are highly characterized, and for a clinician to develop a restoration that looks natural and pleasing, color is a very important. In cases where dentist has full control of altering shade as in cases of completely edentulous patients, excessively worn out dentitions, and tooth whitening, the color of restoration should merge with the age gender and facial complexion so as to have a more natural appearance.[32-35] Smile has been said to be one of the most important interactive communication skills of a person and color of teeth probably constitutes one of the most important parts of first impression of someone. However, there are authors who believe that when the overall dental appearance is considered, several factors are of significance, including tooth color, shape, and position; restoration quality; and the general arrangement of the dentition.[35] Matching the hue and chroma is fifth or sixth in importance on the list of things to match when constructing a prosthetic replacement.
The present study was designed to measure tooth colors of North Indian population so that it can help in customizing dental treatment for them. VITA Easyshade® Advance 4.0 was used for measuring the shade as it is reliable and easy to use. The mode selected was 3D Master because it is simple and easy to interpret and has enough variability of shades to represent the natural tooth colors
The shade obtained in the cervical third of tooth is 1M2 (31.62%), in the middle 1M1 (33.33%), and in the incisal third 2M1 (35.9%). Value 1 indicates lighter tooth color and color saturation is up to 2. However, the sample size was small and represented only a limited age group. The results of the study need to be evaluated further with larger and different age groups.
| Conclusion | | |
The conclusion drawn is that the most prevalent shade in the North Indian population in the age group of 18–24 is 1M2 in cervical, 1M1 in middle, and 2M1 in incisal. Out of the five value groups (1, lightest and 5, darkest), teeth are closer to the lighter value. The value increases from cervical to incisal. Within the yellow red range of natural tooth hues that is L (yellow) and R (red), the most frequent hue is M. Chroma is within 2 and decreases from cervical to incisal.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Reno EA, Sunberg RJ, Block RP, Bush RD. The influence of lip/gum colour on subject perception of tooth colour. J Dent Res 2000;79:381.  |
| 2. | Terry DA, Geller W, Tric O, Anderson MJ, Tourville M, Kobashigawa A, et al. Anatomical form defines color: Function, form, and aesthetics. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2002;14:59-67. |
| 3. | Mayekar SM. Shades of a color. Illusion or reality? Dent Clin North Am 2001;45:155-72, vii. |
| 4. | Winter R. Visualizing the natural dentition. J Esthet Dent 1993;5:102-17. |
| 5. | Preston JD. Current status of shade selection and color matching. Quintessence Int 1985;16:47-58. |
| 6. | Hasegawa A, Motonomi A, Ikeda I, Kawaguchi S. Color of natural tooth crown in Japanese people. Color Res Appl 2000;25:43-8. |
| 7. | Xiao J, Zhou XD, Zhu WC, Zhang B, Li JY, Xu X, et al. The prevalence of tooth discolouration and the self-satisfaction with tooth colour in a Chinese urban population. J Oral Rehabil 2007;34:351-60. |
| 8. | Jahangiri L, Reinhardt SB, Mehra RV, Matheson PB. Relationship between tooth shade value and skin color: An observational study. J Prosthet Dent 2002;87:149-52. |
| 9. | Odioso LL, Gibb RD, Gerlach RW. Impact of demographic, behavioral, and dental care utilization parameters on tooth color and personal satisfaction. Compend Contin Educ Dent Suppl 2000;29:S35-41. |
| 10. | Gozalo-Diaz D, Johnston WM, Wee AG. Estimating the color of maxillary central incisors based on age and gender. J Prosthet Dent 2008;100:93-8. |
| 11. | Esan TA, Olusile AO, Akeredolu PA. Factors influencing tooth shade selection for completely edentulous patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2006;7:80-7. |
| 12. | Feng XP, Newton JT, Robinson PG. The impact of dental appearance on perceptions of personal characteristics among Chinese people in the United Kingdom. Int Dent J 2001;51:282-6. |
| 13. | Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). Improvement to Industrial Colour-Difference Evaluation. Vienna: CIE Central Bureau Public 142;2001. |
| 14. | Joiner A. Tooth colour: A review of the literature. J Dent 2004;32 Suppl 1:3-12. |
| 15. | Brewer JD, Wee A, Seghi R. Advances in color matching. Dent Clin North Am 2004;48:v, 341-58. |
| 16. | Cal E, Güneri P, Kose T. Comparison of digital and spectrophotometric measurements of colour shade guides. J Oral Rehabil 2006;33:221-8. |
| 17. | |
| 18. | Burkinshaw SM. Colour in relation to dentistry. Fundamentals of colour science. Br Dent J 2004;196:33-41. |
| 19. | VITA Zahnfabrik, H. Rauter GmbH & Co. KG, Postfach 1338, D-79704 Bad Säckingen. Available from: http://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com. [Last accessed on 2017 Sep 25]. |
| 20. | Ragain JC. A review of color science in dentistry: The process of color vision. J Dent Oral Disord Ther 2015;3:1-4. |
| 21. | Seghi RR, Hewlett ER, Kim J. Visual and instrumental colorimetric assessments of small color differences on translucent dental porcelain. J Dent Res 1989;68:1760-4. |
| 22. | Johnston WM, Kao EC. Assessment of appearance match by visual observation and clinical colorimetry. J Dent Res 1989;68:819-22. |
| 23. | van der Burgt TP, ten Bosch JJ, Borsboom PC, Kortsmit WJ. A comparison of new and conventional methods for quantification of tooth color. J Prosthet Dent 1990;63:155-62. |
| 24. | Okubo SR, Kanawati A, Richards MW, Childress S. Evaluation of visual and instrument shade matching. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:642-8. |
| 25. | Guan YH, Lath DL, Lilley TH, Willmot DR, Marlow I, Brook AH, et al. The measurement of tooth whiteness by image analysis and spectrophotometry: A comparison. J Oral Rehabil 2005;32:7-15. |
| 26. | Klemetti E, Matela AM, Haag P, Kononen M. Shade selection performed by novice dental professionals and colorimeter. J Oral Rehabil 2006;33:31-5. |
| 27. | Goldstein GR, Schmitt GW. Repeatability of a specially designed intraoral colorimeter. J Prosthet Dent 1993;69:616-9. |
| 28. | Wee AG, Lindsey DT, Kuo S, Johnston WM. Color accuracy of commercial digital cameras for use in dentistry. Dent Mater 2006;22:553-9. |
| 29. | Jarad FD, Russell MD, Moss BW. The use of digital imaging for colour matching and communication in restorative dentistry. Br Dent J 2005;199:43-9. |
| 30. | VITA Easyshade Advance 4.0 – The 4 th Generation Electronic Shade-Taking Device. Available from: http://www.vita-zahnfabrik.com. [Last accessed on 2017 Sep 25]. |
| 31. | Posavec I, Prpić V, Zlatarić DK. Influence of light conditions and light sources on clinical measurement of natural teeth color using VITA easyshade advance 4,0 ® spectrophotometer. Pilot study. Acta Stomatol Croat 2016;50:337-47. |
| 32. | Johansson A, Johansson AK, Omar R, Carlsson GE. Rehabilitation of the worn dentition. J Oral Rehabil 2008;35:548-66. |
| 33. | Greenwall L. Bleaching Techniques in Restorative Dentistry. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group: Martin Dunitz Ltd.; 2001. p. 29-39. |
| 34. | Watts A, Addy M. Tooth discolouration and staining: A review of the literature. Br Dent J 2001;190:309-16. |
| 35. | Qualtrough AJ, Burke FJ. A look at dental esthetics. Quintessence Int 1994;25:7-14. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Tooth Color Differences between Digital Photography and Spectrophotometer in both Genders: An In vivo Study |
|
| Ryhana Mohammad Zakir Hiyat Moazam, Zuryati Ab Ghani, Wan Muhamad Amir W. Ahmad, Mohamad Syahrizal Halim, Nafij Bin Jamayet, Matheel Zohir AL. Rawas | | The Open Dentistry Journal. 2023; 17(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Recommended clinical practice guidelines of aesthetic dentistry for Indians: An expert consensus |
|
| Dibyendu Majumder, MithraN Hegde, Shishir Singh, Ashu Gupta, ShashiRashmi Acharya, P Karunakar, RS Mohan Kumar, B Mrinalini, Shazeena Qaiser, UrvashiBhimjibhai Sodvadia, HonapManjiri Nagesh | | Journal of Conservative Dentistry. 2022; 25(2): 110 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Time-dependent effect of intense capsule-coffee and bleaching on the color of resin-infiltrated enamel white spot lesions: an in vitro study |
|
| Hanin E. Yeslam, Saeed J. AlZahrani | | PeerJ. 2022; 10: e14135 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Objective dimension of tooth color in forensic age estimation: An observational study |
|
| Sowmya GV, Suveet Mathur, Kavya Mathur | | International Dental Journal of Student's Research. 2022; 10(3): 96 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
Search Pubmed for